Table 5 Rankings of perceived constraints for BIM use and differences between users and non-users

High investments in hard- and software

1

3.76

10

3.18

0.15

Our partners do not use BIM

2

3.39

3

3.92

0.17

No demands from the clients

3

3.11

1

4.62

0.00

***

High demands for technical competence

4

2.89

7

3.33

0.29

Problem with the user-friendliness

4

2.89

6

3.38

0.34

Difficult to integrate with other systems

6

2.75

11

3.14

0.33

No internal demand in the company

7

2.67

1

4.62

0.00

***

Partners do not always give access to the 3-D model

8

2.65

4

3.78

0.02

**

Does not give any clear competitive advantages

9

2.59

5

3.54

0.07

Takes a long time to learn

10

2.56

9

3.25

0.05

**

BIM-models are too complex

11

2.44

12

2.75

0.57

Expensive operating and maintenance costs

12

2.39

7

3.33

0.04

**

Major internal resistance in the company

12

2.39

15

2.15

0.59

The information in the model is often wrong

14

2.38

13

2.40

0.94

Difficult to know if BIM will persist in the future (a fashion)

15

1.59

14

2.33

0.09